Frederick County Public Schools is governed by a seven-member school board. Six of the board members represent the county's individual magisterial districts and one member is elected at-large. Board members are elected for four-year terms which are staggered at two-year intervals. The Board Chairman and Vice Chairman are elected by the board at its first meeting each January.

The Board's official title is the "County School Board of Frederick County, Virginia." The Board derives its authority from the Constitution of Virginia, the Code of Virginia, and the regulations of the State Board of Education. Board members are officers of the Commonwealth.

The School Board has many duties and is charged with appointing the superintendent of schools; setting the policies, guidelines, and procedures to ensure the proper administration of the school division; being responsible for the school division's financial matters; ensuring that school laws are properly explained, enforced and observed; managing the property of the school division and providing necessary school buildings; appraising the effectiveness with which the schools are achieving the educational purposes of the board; and adopting goals and objectives for each aspect of the school system's operation.

The School Board meets regularly at the Frederick County Public Schools Administration Building on the third Tuesday of each month, unless otherwise indicated. Meetings begin at 6:00 p.m. for closed session, followed by open session at 7:00 p.m.  All meetings are open to the public. Board meetings are also made available via a live video stream on the FCPS YouTube Channel.